Abstract
Feedback is an essential component of an athlete’s performance and much research has explored the effect that various forms of feedback have on skill acquisition. For novices, there is speculation on what type of feedback would be more beneficial, especially regarding accuracy. PURPOSE: This study analyzed which form of feedback: visual (ViFB), verbal (VFB), or observational (OFB), yielded better performance in free throw accuracy amongst novices. METHODS: 39 University-aged individuals volunteered and were randomly assigned into one of 3 feedback groups. Participants completed a baseline test, a series of acquisition trials, and a retention test. Specifically, participants shot 15 free throws in the baseline and retention test (3 x 5 shots with a minute break in between) and 25 free throws in the acquisition trials (5 x 6 with a 2-minute break in between) with feedback being administered depending on their group. A scale, graded 0-5 based on where the ball hit the basket, assessed accuracy scores. RESULTS: A 2 (test) x 3 (group) mixed-model ANOVA was conducted to examine improvement within and among the three feedback groups. The results showed a significant difference between baseline and retention tests (p >.05) with a post-hoc analysis concluding that there was improvement from baseline to retention. However, there were no significant differences in the accuracy scores among the feedback groups (p >.05). The test also showed that there was a non-significant test x group interaction (p >.05) but further investigation revealed that OFB improved significantly from the baseline to the retention test (PCONCLUSION: the results of the study suggests the post-hoc analysis of the interaction gives us insight to a potential pattern of improved free throw accuracy within the OFB group. Further research should be conducted to determine the effects of OFB accurately. Some findings within this study align with previous research supporting the use of OFB to introduce novice individuals to a new skill.
Recommended Citation
Tramel, Yadon and Zhuravleva, Tatiana
(2025)
"Analyzing Novice’s Free Throw Accuracy In Response to Different Feedback,"
International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings: Vol. 2:
Iss.
17, Article 143.
Available at:
https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol2/iss17/143
