Mid-Atlantic Chapter Conference Proceedings - American College of Sports Medicine
MARC ACSM
Effects of Blood Flow Restrictive Bicep Curl Exercise on Arterial Stiffness- Pilot Study
S Zupnik, N Rolnick, M Moghaddam, L Marquette, J Walter, B Fedorko, and T Werner
Interrelationship Between Levels of Bisphenol- A and -S, Peak Anaerobic Power and Body Composition
J Zhu, T Kennedy, J Dechant, and J Santos
Effects of Swearing on Strength Test
M Yeh, C Lin, C Chen, and C Liu
Effect of Acute Arm versus Leg Exercise on Central Blood Pressure
Z Wu and K Heffernan PhD
Relationship Between the U.S. Army Combat Fitness Test and Motion Capture Outcomes
Z Wilson, T Steiner, and K Wisniewski
NFκB Inhibition Negatively Impacts Microvascular Function in Women with Endometriosis
A Williams, V Content, and L Alexander
Biological Sex Differences in Exercise-Mediated Femoral Blood Flow and Associations with Intima-Media Thickness
P Williams, B Cilhoroz, S Brackett, and K Heffernan
Sport-Specific Conditioning Test Performance and VO2max Following Four Sessions of Maximally Explosive Training
A Whittaker, K Lynch, A Brennan, E Eibner, A Naboulsi, M Boyd, J Thomas, E Robbins, B Chaudhry, R Hughes, H Bennett, and S Mazzetti
A Standardized 5-Sec Alactic Time Does Not Improve The Reliability Of A 15-Sec Maximal Glycolytic Capacity (Vlamax) Test For Cycling
P White, T Swensen, D King, and C Harnish
Characterizing the Effect of a Sports Bra on Functional Movement in Healthy Women
M Whidden and B Reid
Similar Carotid Pulsatility with Oral Contraceptive Use During Low- and High-Hormone Menstrual Cycle Phases
C Weiner, L Eagan, S Mascone, K Heffernan, and S Ranadive
The Effect of Aerobic Training Intensity on Stress and Mood
I Weikart, J Shiber, S Fletcher, S Hay, J Cintavey, L Facchine, J Sanders, S Forlenza, and W Braun FACSM
Effect of Exercise and Weight Loss Intervention on Epigenetic Age Amongst Overweight Breast Cancer Survivors
K Wehrung, K Sturgeon PhD, I Shavel, A Apsley, D Lin, and K Schmitz
Caregiver's Perception of Obesity Risk Factors in Children Enrolled in an After-School Activity Program
B Wallick, S Davis FACSM, G Moir, K Vanic, and C Lenhart
Effects of an Acute Dose of Betalain Rich Concentrate on Determinants of Running Performance
S Vitti; L Bisgrove; S Gray; S Levine; C Mattern; M Bruneau Jr., FACSM; and J Faller
Relationship Between Exercise Motivation and Physical Activity Among College Students
Z Townsend, W Torrence, D Smith, and T Werner FACSM
Sex Differences in Body Composition Adaptations during Military Training and their Association with Physical Performance
D Tiede, K Koltun, J Forse, M Bird, M Lovalekar, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health Among College Students
M Takacs, S Davis, A Drago, and K Beyer
Effects of A Betalain-Rich Concentrate on Respiratory Exchange Ratio, Lactate, and Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Uptake
E Sweeney; M Bruneau Jr., FACSM; J Faller; and S Vitti
Sweat Electrolytes, Intensity, And History on The Prediction of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps: A Multifactorial Approach
M Stehman and S Headley
Interlimb Asymmetries in Strength, Balance, and Gait Tasks in Marine Officer Candidates
E Steele, E Feigel, M Bird, K Koltun, M Lovalekar, J Forse, C Gage, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Anxiety and its Effect on Quality of Sleep
S Sreekanth, A Sochan, K Sun, A Spaeth, and J Buckman
Markers of Mitochondrial Fusion and Mitophagy are Greater in Old versus Young Rat Skeletal Muscle
C Springer-Sapp, A Henderson, S Kuzmiak-Glancy, and S Prior
Exercise Dose in Relationship to Sleep and Overall Health in University Students
A Spaeth, A Lawson, M Remchak, F Maresca, and S Malin FACSM
Relevance of Food Labels in Purchasing Habits of University-age Students
O Sobkowiak, C Liguori, and S Taverno Ross
Perceived Wellness and Common Barriers to Wellness Services and Programming Following COVID-19
L Smith, A Feit, and C Allison
Mental Workload Assessment During Performance of Structured and Unstructured Action Sequences Under Different Motor Demands
A Shaver, R Collazo, K Pietro, G Katz, J Reggia, and R Gentili
Changes in Vitamin D and Hematological Micronutrients and Association with Skeletal Health During Marine Officer Candidates School
N Sekel, K Koltun, M Bird, J Forse, M Lovalekar, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
The Effect of Salt Loading on Arterial Stiffness: Potential Role of Aerobic Capacity
S Schade, J Patik, J Mehrer, S Lennon, W Farquhar, and D Edwards
Comparison of Fat Oxidation During Walking on a Normal and Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill
M Savi, M Heffern, G Horan, R Fiddler, J Hokanson, and E Lind
Is the Resting Metabolic Rate Ratio a Good Proxy Indicator of Energy Deficiency in Men? A Preliminary Study.
A Salamunes, K Khen, N Williams, and M De Souza
The Effects of Core Pre-Conditioning Exercises on Vertical Jump and Dynamic Balance
A Russo, G Hejeebu, E Eade, C Harbaugh, D Yellets, Z Falls, J West, M Shannon, L Stormer, M Nevin, B Rodic, M Lehr, and H.S. Kieffer FACSM
Implementation of Physician Referral Process Into an Established EIM-OC Program at Slippery Rock University
J Rush, M Dagostino, M Conrad, J Wilcox, B Jensen, M Holmstrup, S Verba, and J Urda
Effects of Different Muscle Recovery Techniques following a Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness-Inducing Exercise Protocol
J Rotay and M Whidden
Improving Physical Literacy and Increasing Physical Activity Participation of Youth for Better Health Outcomes
L Rossman Murphy and T McCarthy
Relationship Between Isometric Inter-Limb Asymmetry and Strength of the Lower Extremity in Military Personnel
L Rosenblum, E Feigel, D Tiede, K Mroz, T Stefl, J Forse, C Gage, K Koltun, M Lovalekar, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
The Relationship of the FMS to Anthropometric Markers in Women with Breast Cancer
J Rosenberg, D Carpenter, C Peluso, A Diaz, and C Champ
Affective and Perceptual Responses Between Voluntary Exercise and Electrical Stimulations
D Robinson, J Welsh, K Rice, and S Dankel
The Encoding Specificity Principle in a Stressful Motor Sequence Learning Context
J Roach and K Jaquess
Ascorbic Acid Infusion Improves Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
N Rizzi, T DeConne, F Sanjana, E Habash, K Decker, J Hobson, and C Martens
Acute Physiologic Responses Between Voluntary Exercise and Electrical Stimulations
K Rice, J Welsh, D Robinson, and S Dankel
Pancreatic β cell Hypersecretion of Insulin in Intermediate versus Morning Chronotype
M Remchak, R Patel, D Battillo, J Dosik, T Ragland, and S Malin FACSM
Gait Quality Changes During an Instrumented Six Minute Walk Relate to Function but not Activity Level
J Rekant, J Giffuni, B Friedman, H Ortmeyer, and O Addison
25-HydroxyvitaminD Concentration is Not Associated with Central or Peripheral Blood Pressure in Young Black Women
M Rattigan, M D'Agata, and M Witman FACSM
Behavior Outcomes and Student Learning Resulting From Working with Individuals with Disabilities in Fitness Setting
J Rappold, E Starns, S Kubiak, and R Wehler
Effects of High-Intensity Exercise on Individuals With Parkinson’s: A Case Study
L Ramos, J Watson, and C Ellis
Baseline Biomarkers do not Discriminate Bone Stress Injury Risk during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School
R Ramesh, S Hessel, K Koltun, J Forse, M Bird, M Lovalekar, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
Physical Activity and Health Outcomes Among College Students Who Use Cannabis
S Quraishi, K Sun, T McCoy, A Spaeth, and J Buckman
Associations Between Exercise and Inhibitory Cognitive Control in Young Adult Binge Drinkers
L Poole, J Bourque, A Ude, H Perdue, A Sarwani, S Wilkinson, M Bates, and B Alderman
Multisystem Regulatory Capacity of Exogenous Ketone Administration at Rest
E Plank, T McClure, J Buxton, B Egan, M Isles, A Koutnik, and P Prins
Psychophysiological Assessment of Workload Under Varying Degrees of Demand and Controllability: A Validation Study
K Pietro, H Oh, A Shaver, and B Hatfield FACSM
The Effects of Heel Elevation on Back Squat Performance
M Pierce and R Emmons
More Barriers, Less Benefits: LGBTQ+ College Student’s Perceptions Impacting Physical Activity Participation
K Peterson, G Frederick, and M Bopp FACSM
Microvascular Reactivity During a Vascular Occlusion Test Following Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise
M Perlet, P Hosick, N Licameli, and E Matthews
Hippocampal Glucose Transport and Oxidation in Response to Disrupted Blood Flow in an Aging Rat Model of Heart Failure.
G Pena M.S.; Y Liu M.A.; M Canellas Da Silva M.S.; J. C. Smith PhD, FACSM; and S Kuzmiak-Glancy PhD
Adrenal Hormone Changes and Associations with Injury during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School
V Patel, J Forse, K Koltun, M Bird, E Feigel, M Lovalekar, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
The Physiological & Performance Effects of Different Tempos of Music during Exercise
E Ortiz, M Lee, T Glover, A Santiago, R Mitchell, W Braun, and J Sanders
The Effect of Academic Year and Major on Nutritional Knowledge in Division II Female Athletes
K Nester, C Allie, M Miltenberger, S Davis FACSM, and B Snyder
6 Months of Aerobic Exercise Training Preserves Central Pressure Wave Indices in Older Adults
R Nayfeh, S Mascone, J. C. Smith, and S Ranadive
Physiological, Perceptual and Performance Effects of a Novel Energy-dense Ketogenic Bar
J Minor, M Sterrett, C Brooks, T Niemann, M Troxel, H Gerhart, A Buga, J Volek, P Prins, and J Buxton
Heart Rate Variability Following Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise and Traditional Resistance Exercise
L Miller, M Perlet, P Hosick, N Licameli, and E Matthews
Applications of a Pose-Detection Algorithm for Measuring Hip Impact Velocity During a Fall
R Michaels and Y Moon
Fetal Heart Rate During Moderate to High Intensity Resistance Exercise in Pregnant Women
T McCarthy DPT, S Velez, and A Spaeth Ph.D
Change in Levels of Circulating Angiogenic Proteins in Response to an Acute Bout of HIFT
D Mázala, K Dondero, D Siok, H Zabriskie, O Addison, and R Landers-Ramos
Exploring a Potential Relation Between Autonomic and Myocardial Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
A Matias, K Szymanski, M D'Agata, M Overstreet, M Scavina, M McCulloch, D Edwards, and M Witman FACSM
Intermittent Hypoxia Decreases Carotid Artery Stiffness in Men But Not Women
S Mascone, C Weiner, E Blake, S Khan, L Eagan, J Limberg, and S Ranadive
Elite Collegiate Swimmers do not meet Carbohydrate Intake and Timing Recommendations During Heavy Training
E Lundstrom, M De Souza FACSM, M Ventrella, and N Williams FACSM
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Hispanic College Aged Women
A Luna and E Sauers
Gut Microbiota Removal Eliminates Enhanced Exercise Capacity Mediated by Skeletal Muscle Metabolome and Mitochondrial Proteins
C Longoria, D DeSio, X Su, E Chiles, J Guers, J Zhang, D Vatner, S Vatner, and S Campbell FACSM
Effects of Tempol on Microvascular Function in Men and Women on Habitual High Sodium Diets
Z Lincoln, J Patik, J Mehrer, S Schade, S Lennon, W Farquhar, and D Edwards
The Biological Sex of an External Observer Does Not Influence Participant RPE
A Lesniak, T Berkheiser, and C Dixon FACSM
Influence of Individual Characteristics on Critical Environmental Limits in Middle-aged and Older Adults (PSU HEAT Project)
O Leach, R Cottle, K Fisher, W. L. Kenney FACSM, and S. T. Wolf
Dietary Intake, Dietary Protein Source, and Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Division III Offseason Female Athletes
C Kotarsky, M Frenett, W Hoerle, and M McQueston
Alanine Aminotransferase in Emerging Black Individuals: A Potential Biomarker for Early Aging?
S Khan, L Eagan, E Blake, C Weiner, S Mascone, F Tyrell, and S Ranadive
Muscular Fitness and Throwing Qualities in Collegiate Ultimate Frisbee
T Keiser, L Haile, A Fradkin, and J Andreacci
Circulating extracellular vesicle characteristics differ between men and women following 12-weeks of concurrent exercise training.
C Kargl, A Sterczala, D Santucci, K Krajewski, B Martin, J Greeves, T O'Leary, S Wardle, A Sahu, and B Nindl
Non-Dominant Arm Bone Loading Index Predicts Grip Strength in Adolescent Females
B Josephson, C Sames, T Scerpella, and J Dowthwaite
Adherence to a 12-week Summer Exercise Protocol Among ROTC and VWIL Cadets: A Pilot Study
J Jester, T Newman, C Harnish, and M Holman
Examining the Cardiovascular Response to Blood Flow-Restricted Resistance Exercise
J Jedry, S Davison, S Hess, R Goerner, E Moyer, L Jones, E McDonald, E Opfer, M Holmstrup, and B Jensen
Limb and Sex, but Not Dietary Capsaicin, Modulate the Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Vascular Occlusion Test Estimated Metabolism
S Ives FACSM, L Greaves, K Zaleski, A Matias, A Gyampo, G Giuriato, M Lynch, B Lora, T Tomasi, E Basso, E Finegan, J Schickler, M Venturelli, E Shostak, O Blum, and J DeBlauw
Effects of Slow Breathing During Inter-set Recovery on Power Performance in the Barbell Back Squat
M Isles, H Grose, T Donofrio, J DeLuca, V LePre, C Parrish, J Kolb, H Gerhart, P Prins, and J Buxton
The Effects of Cellphone Usage on Cognitive Function in College-Aged Individuals
M Hudson, D Ault, B Lagerquist, S Neu, L Gross, T Niemann, E Persohn, and H Gerhart
The Association Between Cardiovagal Baroreceptor Sensitivity and Hippocampal Tissue Integrity in Young and Middle-aged Adults
F Horvat, M Kramer, K Decker, C Johnson, M Wenner, and C Martens
The Effect of Vibrotactile Complexity on Spatial and Temporal Performance During a Wrist Movement Task
M Holman and B Darter
Protein Pacing and Plant-Based Protein: Predictors of Improved Body Composition in Division III Female Athletes
W Hoerle, M Frenette, M McQueston, and C Kotarsky
Force Production Declines Without Effects On Mitochondrial Respiration In Rats Exposed To Consecutive Tetanus Contractions
A Henderson, M De Silva, and S Kuzmiak-Glancy
The Effect of Physical Activity and ACE Scores on Psychological vs. Physiological Addiction
B Hendershot, C Robertson, R Koenig, and J Metz
Effects of a High-fat Meal on Circulating Microparticle Quantity and Function
J Heilman, C Weiner, E Blake, S Ranadive, and S Prior
Perceptual and Affective Responses Relative to Maximal Fat Oxidation During Treadmill Walking Exercise.
M Heffern, M Savi, G Horan, R Fiddler, J Hokanson, and E Lindl
Changes in Bone Turnover Biomarkers in Men and Women During Marine Corps Officer Candidates School
J Goulart, J Forse, M Bird, V Patel, C Kargl, M Lovalekar, B Martin, B Nindl FACSM, and K Koltun
The Acute Effects of Vinyasa Yoga on Mood and Anxiety in Adults with Insomnia Symptoms
E Giordano, C Kline FACSM, S Sherman, K Davis FACSM, M Lehrer, D Buysse, and C Cheruka
Relation of 24-hour Movement Patterns with Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Adults with Obesity
K Gendi, D Battillo, M Remchak, and S Malin FACSM
Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation and Associations with Sleep Disturbance in Marine Corps Officer Candidates During Training
C Gage, K Koltun, M Bird, J Forse, M Lovalekar, E Feigel, C Kargl, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
bstacles to Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Among Older Veterans with Dysmobility: A Self-Report Survey
B Friedman, M Serra, E Parker, L Kilpela, and O Addison
Sex-differences and Changes in Psychophysiological Stress and Resilience During Military Training
J Forse, K Koltun, M Bird, M Lovalekar, E Steele, B Martin, and B Nindl FACSM
Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility to a Glucose Tolerance Test in Young Adults
N Foreman, S Rajwade, J Bluth, L Skoglund, L DiPietro, and M Barberio
The Effects of Three Weeks of Mixed Interval Training on Fitness Markers: A Pilot Study
A Fisher and C Harnish
Critical Environmental Limits for Middle-Aged Adults (PSU HEAT Project)
K Fisher, R Cottle, W. L. Kenney FACSM, and T. Wolf
Kettlebell Training Increases Muscle Mass and Improves Muscle Function in Older Adults
M Fique, A Barton, H Zabriskie, R Landers-Ramos, G Hartman, K Dondero, N Knuth, and D Mázala
The Impact of Sport Performance Variables on Game Statistics in NCAA Division II Baseball Players
B Finn, V Cruz, B Snyder, S Davis, and M Miltenberger
Effects of β1-Blockade on Rate Pressure Product and Perceived Exertion During Exercise
A Feinstein, C Bowlus, J Delgado, J Gosalia, S Mookerjee, and D Proctor
Continuous Monitorization of Physiologic Mediators of Allostasis Indicate Overuse Injury Risk in Marine Officer Candidates
E Feigel, K Koltun, M Bird, M Lovalekar, C Gage, J Forse, E Steele, C Kargl, B Martin, T Doyle, K Friedl, and B Nindl FACSM
The Use of Tart Cherry Juice for Muscle Recovery in Females
A Dembeck, M Nehlen, S Snyder, S Davison, B Jensen, and M Holmstrup
Prevalence of and Reasons for Dietary and Supplementation Habits Among Physically Active College Students
S Dellett, A Borza, and J Garay
The Effects of a Resistance Band Warm-Up Protocol on Muscular Endurance: A Pilot Study
S DeHaven and M Whidden
Changes in Loaded Carry Magnitude and its Effect on Stride Length, Cadence, and Muscle Activation
A Decker, M Hughes, C Gursin, B Edgar, C Hughes, M Holmstrup, and J Dicus
The Influence of Cholesterol on Resting Brain Blood Flow and Cognition in Mid-Life Adults
K Decker, F Sanjana, N Rizzi, M Kramer, A Cerjanic, C Johnson, and C Martens
The Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Endothelial Resistance to Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Postmenopausal Women
J Delgado, J Gosalia, M Flanagan, Y Somani, and D Proctor
Can Noninvasive Characteristics Predict The Adaptation to Short-term Resistance And Cardiovascular Training? A Preliminary Investigation
J Deblauw, L Greaves, O Blum, O Kumasaka, and S Ives
Habitual Sleep Does Not Influence Blood Pressure Dipping Differences Between Young Black and White Women
M D'Agata, E Hoopes, T Keiser, K Szymanski, A Matias, F Patterson, and M Witman FACSM
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPORTS PERFORMANCE VARIABLES AND BASEBALL HITTING PERFORMANCE IN DIVISION II ATHLETES
V Cruz, B Snyder, S Davis, M Miltenberger, and B Finn
Age-Related Differences in the Onset of Cardiovascular Drift during Progressive Heat Stress (PSU HEAT Project)
R Cottle, K Fisher, T Wolf, and L Kenney FACSM
Five-Days of Salicylate Treatment Does Not Alter Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Dilation in Women with Endometriosis
V Content, A Williams, and L Alexander FACSM
Examining Critical Power Metrics Following a Submaximal Bout of Pre-Exhausting Exercise in Competitive Cyclists
K Constantino, H Gerhart, D Ault, J Buxton, and P Prins
COMPARISON OF BODY COMPOSITION METHODS: CIRCUMFERENCE MEASUREMENTS AND BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TO DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY
T Combest, J Tufano, M Lane, and J Moon
Reduced-Exertion High-Intensity Interval Training Improved Post-Prandial Blood Glucose in Healthy, Recreationally Active Middle-Aged Men
B Chaudhry, J Morrell, S Cook, and M Brian
The Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation on Barbell Bench Press Velocity and Power
N Chabak, C Ellis, and D Babbitt
Visceral Fat Area as a Predictor of Radius Bone Strength in College-Aged Young Adults
K Casper, I Jenkins, C Hawkins, M McFadden, and S Kim
Mitochondrial Respiration is Preserved, While Respiratory Protein Organization is Altered in Pressure-Overload Induced Heart Failure
M Canellas da Silva, H Li, Y Liu, G Pena, and S Kuzmiak-Glancy
Repetition Frequency Affects Accuracy of Repetitions in Reserve (RIR) in Resistance Trained College Females
A Butz, E Glass, L Kelly, E Kluttz, J McKenzie, and R Laird
Association Between Whole-Body and Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Rate while Ambulatory
A Butts, C Howell, R Landers-Ramos, and N Knuth
Age Comparisons of Cardiac Work During Exercise in Women: Insight from Acute β-1 Adrenergic Blockade
C Bowlus, M Studinski, J Delgado, J Gosalia, S Mookerjee, and D Proctor
The Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Leisure-time, Occupational and Transportation Physical Activity among College Students
M Bopp FACSM, K Peterson, G Barraco, and J Niessner
Does 2-Weeks of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise Microcycles Elicit Different Health Improvements in Untrained Adults?
O Blum, J Deblauw, L Greaves, O Kumasaka, M Robertson, and S Ives FACSM
Association of In-Group Colorism with Vascular Function in Black Emerging Adults
E Blake, M Sobambo, L Eagan, C Weiner, S Khan, S Mascone, F Tyrell, and S Ranadive
A Meta-Analysis on the Influence of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease
S Bieder, M McGrath, K Gray, J Masud-Paul, S Headley FACSM, M Germain, and M Bruneau Jr FACSM
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Hunger in Normal Weight and Obese Adults: A Pilot Stud
C Bernard, K Salman, Q Bui, J Jang, and M Bruneau Jr FACSM
Does the Presence of an External Observer Affect Participant RPE?
T Berkheiser, A Lesniak, and C Dixon FACSM
The Isolated Mechanical Effect of Walking in Late Pregnancy May Contribute to The Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis Over the Lifetime
E Bell, J Shim, and R Miller
Low Heart Rate Variability is Related to Decreased Microvascular Insulin Sensitivity in People with Obesity
D Battillo, A Bandaru, A Altobelli IV, N Yanamala, P Sengupta, and S Malin FACSM
The Effects of Different Surfaces on Running Kinematics in Collegiate Athletes
A Ardinger, M Wyatt, J Sherard, P Quinn, N Kaplon, S Forlenza, and B Meyer
Assessing the Feasibility of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Individuals with Autism
A Allnut, S Pappa, and M Nordvall
Nutritional Knowledge of Division II Female Athletes in Team vs Individual Sports
C Allie, M Miltenberger, S Davis FACSM, B Snyder, and K Nester
Prevalence of the Attributes of the Female Athlete Triad in Competitive Nigerian Female Athletes
J Akinyemi, N Williams, A Salamunes, and M De Souza